Abstract
Higher light wavelengths have been shown to stimulate extra-retinal photoreceptors more efficiently than lower wavelengths to promote reproduction in poultry. We developed a light emitting diode (LED) bulb that emits 60% of its light in the red spectrum (LED-R), and evaluated the effects of different light sources on growth and reproduction in commercial layer hens. Three rooms equipped with either 100W incandescent, 15W compact fluorescent (CFL), or 10W LED-R bulbs were populated with 96 Lohmann LSL-Lite layers housed in individual cages from 14 to 69 weeks of age (woa). Pullets were initially maintained on a 10-h photoperiod, then photostimulated at 18 woa. Surprisingly, regardless of the light source, plasma levels of estradiol peaked at 16 woa, 2 weeks before photostimulation, and egg-laying was initiated at 19 woa. As a direct correlation between age at first egg and body weight was identified, metabolic cues most likely served as a primary trigger to initiate sexual maturation prior to photostimulation. Overall egg production and cumulative egg numbers were similar among treatments. Interestingly, a second increase in estradiol was observed at 52 woa under all treatments, suggesting an additional ovarian stimulation, possibly associated with an additional follicular recruitment at that age. Overall, changes in estradiol concentrations were more pronounced in hens maintained under LED-R light than in hens exposed to incandescent and CFL, especially for the second increase, suggesting that a higher amount of red light leads to stronger ovarian activity. Maintaining hens under LED-R bulbs also resulted in lower feed consumption, which combined with the lower energy consumption of LED-bulbs (LED-R: 306 kW; incandescent: 2,514 kW; CFL: 422 kW) could reduce the production cost.