Abstract
Laboratory evolution combined with computational enzyme design provides the opportunity to generate novel biocatalysts. Nevertheless, it has been challenging to understand how laboratory evolution optimizes designer enzymes by introducing seemingly random mutations. A typical enzyme optimized with laboratory evolution is the abiological Kemp eliminase, initially designed by grafting active site residues into a natural protein scaffold. Here, we relate the catalytic power of laboratory-evolved Kemp eliminases to the statistical energy ([Formula: see text]) inferred from their natural homologous sequences using the maximum entropy model. The [Formula: see text] of designs generated by directed evolution is correlated with enhanced activity and reduced stability, thus displaying a stability-activity trade-off. In contrast, the [Formula: see text] for mutants in catalytic-active remote regions (in which remote residues are important for catalysis) is strongly anticorrelated with the activity. These findings provide an insight into the role of protein scaffolds in the adaption to new enzymatic functions. It also indicates that the valley in the [Formula: see text] landscape can guide enzyme design for abiological catalysis. Overall, the connection between laboratory and natural evolution contributes to understanding what is optimized in the laboratory and how new enzymatic function emerges in nature, and provides guidance for computational enzyme design.