Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), also called undifferentiated thyroid cancer, is the least common but most aggressive and deadly thyroid gland malignancy of all thyroid cancers[1]. It has poor prognosis, and is the leading cause of death from malignant thyroid tumors. The one-year survival rate is 20%, with a median overall survival (OS) of only 5 mo[2]. The aim of this report is to provide our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of ATC. CASE SUMMARY: A patient with a thyroid mass underwent surgical treatment after developing symptoms of hoarseness. The resected tumor was pathologically diagnosed as ATC. Imaging examination revealed organ and lymph node metastasis. After multiple cycles of chemotherapy and local radiotherapy, the metastases were not relieved and gradually increased in size and new metastases appeared. The patient immediately received immunotherapy combined with targeted therapy. During treatment, immune-related adverse reactions occurred, which were improved after symptomatic treatment, and tolerated by the patient. The OS of the patient was more than 30 mo after immunotherapy combined with targeted therapy. CONCLUSION: For metastatic ATC, surgical treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have no significant effect on remission of the disease. However, immunotherapy has made a breakthrough in the treatment of ATC.