Abstract
BACKGROUND: Children with lupus nephritis particularly, diffuse proliferative and membranous glomerulonephritis, may necessitate potent immunosuppressive medications and occasionally combined therapy. OBJECTIVE: To report the beneficial effects of tacrolimus (TAC) in children with refractory lupus nephritis from a single tertiary pediatric rheumatology clinic. METHODS: This is a retrospective case series of children with refractory lupus nephritis treated with TAC after failure of aggressive immunosuppressive treatment. All patients were evaluated at the time of initiation of TAC and at last follow-up visit by assessing the following response parameters: cSLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), urine protein/creatinine ratio, urine sediments, serum albumin, complement (C(3) and C(4)), anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody levels, and renal function assessed by glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). RESULTS: Three children (two girls and one boy) with lupus nephritis and persistent nephrotic-range proteinuria failed prednisone treatment as well as sequential treatment of cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and rituximab. When TAC was administered along with MMF and prednisone, all patients showed improvement in response parameters, namely, SLEDAI, serum albumin, and proteinuria, and prednisone doses were significantly weaned off and discontinued in two patients. However, eGFR remained stable during the treatment period. TAC was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSION: TAC combined with MMF can be considered as an alternative therapeutic option for children with refractory lupus nephritis particularly those with persistent nephrotic-range proteinuria.