Abstract
Orbea is a morphologically diverse lineage within the subtribe Stapeliinae, yet plastome evolution in Arabian taxa remains insufficiently characterized. This study reports the first complete chloroplast genomes of Orbea sprengeri subsp. commutata and O. wissmannii var. eremastrum and investigates plastome structure, sequence variability, and phylogenetic relationships across tribe Ceropegieae. Chloroplast genomes were assembled, annotated, and compared with 13 published plastomes representing major Ceropegieae lineages. Both Arabian plastomes displayed the typical quadripartite structure and identical gene content of 114 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA genes, and four ribosomal RNA genes. However, O. wissmannii var. eremastrum exhibited pronounced structural divergence, possessing the largest plastome recorded for the tribe (170,054 bp), an 8.9 kb expansion of the inverted repeat regions, and an 8.4 kb inversion spanning the ndhG-ndhF region. Comparative analyses revealed conserved gene order across Ceropegieae but identified six highly variable loci (accD, clpP, ndhF, ycf1, psbM-trnD, and rpl32-trnL) as potential DNA barcodes. Selection pressure analyses indicated strong purifying selection across most genes, with localized adaptive signals in accD, ndhE, ycf1, and ycf2. Phylogenomic reconstruction consistently resolved the two Arabian Orbea taxa as a distinct clade separate from the African O. variegata. This study fills a gap in Ceropegieae plastid genomics and underscores the importance of sequencing additional Orbea species to capture the full extent of genomic variation within this diverse genus.