Abstract
The relative contribution of small (sEVs) and large extracellular vesicles (lEVs) to the total plasma procoagulant potential is not yet well defined. Thus, we compared total and TF(pos)-sEVs and -lEVs isolated from healthy subjects and COVID-19 patients during the acute phase of the infection and after symptom remission in terms of (1) vesicle enumeration using nanoparticle tracking assay, imaging flow cytometry, and TF immunofluorescence localization in a single-vesicle analysis using microarrays; (2) cellular origin; and (3) TF-dependent Xa generation capacity, as well as assessing the contribution of the TF inhibitor, TFPI. In healthy subjects, the plasma concentration of CD9/CD63/CD81(pos) sEVs was 30 times greater than that of calcein(pos) lEVs, and both were mainly released by platelets. Compared to lEVs, the levels of TF(pos)-sEVs were 2-fold higher. The TF-dependent Xa generation capacity of lEVs was three times greater than that of sEVs, with the latter being hindered by TFPI. Compared to HSs, the amounts of total and TF(pos)-sEVs and -lEVs were significantly greater in acute COVID-19 patients, which reverted to the physiological values at the 6-month follow-up. Interestingly, the FXa generation of lEVs only significantly increased during acute infection, with that of sEV being similar to that of HSs. Thus, in both healthy subjects and COVID-19 patients, the TF-dependent procoagulant potential is mostly sustained by large vesicles.