Abstract
Increasing wind speed alleviates physiological heat strain; however, health policies have advised against using ventilators or fans under heat wave conditions with air temperatures above the typical skin temperature of 35 °C. Recent research, mostly with sedentary participants, suggests mitigating the effects of wind at even higher temperatures, depending on the humidity level. Our study aimed at exploring and quantifying whether such results are transferable to moderate exercise levels, and whether the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) reproduces those effects. We measured heart rates, core and skin temperatures, and sweat rates in 198 laboratory experiments completed by five young, semi-nude, heat-acclimated, moderately exercising males walking the treadmill at 4 km/h on the level for three hours under widely varying temperature-humidity combinations and two wind conditions. We quantified the cooling effect of increasing the wind speed from 0.3 to 2 m/s by fitting generalized additive models predicting the physiological heat stress responses depending on ambient temperature, humidity, and wind speed. We then compared the observed wind effects to the assessment performed by the UTCI. Increasing the wind speed lowered the physiological heat strain for air temperatures below 35 °C, but also for higher temperatures with humidity levels above 2 kPa water vapor pressure concerning heart rate and core temperature, and 3 kPa concerning skin temperature and sweat rate, respectively. The UTCI assessment of wind effects correlated positively with the observed changes in physiological responses, showing the closest agreement (r = 0.9) for skin temperature and sweat rate, where wind is known for elevating the relevant convective and evaporative heat transfer. These results demonstrate the potential of the UTCI for adequately assessing sustainable strategies for heat stress mitigation involving fans or ventilators, depending on temperature and humidity, for moderately exercising individuals.