Abstract
Tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil, which contains the isomers of vitamin E, was shown to possess potent anticancer activity against mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines. Its clinical use, however, is limited by poor oral bioavailability and short half-life. Previously, we developed tocotrienol-rich lipid nanoemulsions for intravenous administration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of surface grafted polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the properties of the nanoemulsions. PEGylation was achieved by the addition of equimolar PEG groups using poloxamer or 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)2000] (PEG2000-DSPE). The effect of PEG surface topography on the antiproliferative activity of nanoemulsions against mammary adenocarcinoma cells, their susceptibility to protein adsorption, and its effect on blood hemolysis and circulation time was investigated. Nanoemulsions PEGylated with poloxamer or PEG2000-DSPE were stable under physical stress. Poloxamer nanoemulsion, however, displayed higher uptake and potency against MCF-7 tumor cells in 2D and 3D culture and increased hemolytic effect and susceptibility to IgG adsorption, which was reflected in its rapid clearance and short circulation half-life (1.7 h). Conversely, PEGylation with PEG2000-DSPE led to a 7-fold increase in mean residence time (12.3 h) after IV injection in rats. Reduced activity in vitro and improved circulation time suggested strong shielding of plasma proteins from the droplets. Differences between the nanoemulsions were attributed to polymer imbibitions and the differences in PEG conformation and density on the surface of the droplets.