Abstract
Caspase-8 (Casp8) serves as an initiator of apoptosis or a suppressor of necroptosis in context-dependent manner. Members of the p90 RSK family can phosphorylate caspase-8 at threonine-265 (T265), which can inactivate caspase-8 for bypassing caspase-8-mediated blockade of necroptosis and can also decrease caspase-8 level by promoting its degradation. Mutating T265 in caspase-8 to alanine (A) in mice blocked TNF-induced necroptotic cecum damage but resulted in unexpectedly massive injury in the small intestine. Here, we show RSK1, RSK2, and RSK3 redundantly function in caspase-8 phosphorylation, and the duodenum is the most severely affected part of the small intestine when T265 phosphorylation of caspase-8 was prevented. Eliminating caspase-8 phosphorylation resulted in a duodenum-specific increase in basal caspase-8 protein level, which shall be responsible for the increased sensitivity to TNF-induced damage. Apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) was predominant in the duodenum of TNF-treated Rsk1-/-Rsk2-/-Rsk3-/- and Casp8T265A/T265A mice, though necroptosis was also observed. The heightened duodenal injury amplified systemic inflammatory responses, as evidenced by the contribution of hematopoietic cells to the sensitization of TNF-induced animal death. Further analysis revealed that hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells contributed differentially to cytokine production in response to the increased cell death. Collectively, RSKs emerges as a previously overlooked regulator that, via tissue/organ-constrained inactivating caspase-8 and/or downregulating caspase-8 protein level, controls the sensitivity to TNF-induced organ injury and animal death.