Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) contributes to global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. Although its major sources are regarded as bacterial or archaeal nitrification and denitrification in soil and water, the origins of ubiquitous marine N(2)O maximum at depths of 100-800 m and N(2)O dissolved in deeper seawater have not been identified. We examined N(2)O production processes in the middle and deep sea by analyzing vertical profiles of N(2)O concentration and isotopocule ratios, abundance ratios of molecules substituted with rare stable isotopes (15)N or (18)O to common molecules (14)N(14)N(16)O, in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Southern oceans. Isotopocule ratios suggest that the N(2)O concentration maxima is generated by in situ microbial processes rather than lateral advection or diffusion from biologically active sea areas such as the eastern tropical North Pacific. Major production process is nitrification by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in the North Pacific although other processes such as bacterial nitrification/denitrification and nitrifier-denitrification also significantly contribute in the equatorial Pacific, eastern South Pacific, Southern Ocean/southeastern Indian Ocean, and tropical South Atlantic. Concentrations of N(2)O below 2000 m show significant correlation with the water mass age, which supports an earlier report suggesting production of N(2)O during deep water circulation. Furthermore, the isotopocule ratios suggest that AOA produce N(2)O in deep waters. These facts indicate that AOA have a more important role in marine N(2)O production than bacteria and that change in global deep water circulation could affect concentration and isotopocule ratios of atmospheric N(2)O in a millennium time scale.