Abstract
Modular tissue engineering applies biomaterials-based approaches to create discrete cell-seeded microenvironments, which can be further assembled into larger constructs for the repair of injured tissues. In the current study, we embedded human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) in collagen/fibrin (COL/FIB) and collagen/fibrin/hydroxyapatite (COL/FIB/HA) microbeads, and evaluated their suitability for bone tissue engineering applications. Microbeads were fabricated using a water-in-oil emulsification process, resulting in an average microbead diameter of approximately 130 ± 25 μm. Microbeads supported both cell viability and cell spreading of MSC and ASC over 7 days in culture. The embedded cells also began to remodel and compact the microbead matrix as demonstrated by confocal reflectance microscopy imaging. After two weeks of culture in media containing osteogenic supplements, both MSC and ASC deposited calcium mineral in COL/FIB microbeads, but not in COL/FIB/HA microbeads. There were no significant differences between MSC and ASC in any of the assays examined, suggesting that either cell type may be an appropriate cell source for orthopedic applications. This study has implications in the creation of defined microenvironments for bone repair, and in developing a modular approach for delivery of pre-differentiated cells.