Abstract
Biological agents such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) and growth factors, when administered in vivo, often face rapid clearance, limiting their therapeutic potential. To address this challenge and enhance their efficacy, we propose the electrostatic conjugation and sequestration of these agents into gelatin-based biomaterials. In this study, gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) were synthesized via the nanoprecipitation method, with adjustments to the pH of the gelatin solution (4.0 or 10.0) to introduce either a positive or negative charge to the nanoparticles. The GNPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. Both positively and negatively charged GNPs were confirmed to be endotoxin-free and non-cytotoxic. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs exhibited characteristic surface markers and a notable negative charge. Zeta potential measurements validated the electrostatic conjugation of MSC-EVs with positively charged GNPs. Utilizing a transwell culture system, we evaluated the impact of EV-GNP conjugates encapsulated within a gelatin hydrogel on macrophage secretory activity. The results demonstrated the bioactivity of EV-GNP conjugates and their synergistic effect on macrophage secretome over five days of culture. In summary, these findings demonstrate the efficacy of electrostatically coupled biotherapeutics with biomaterials for tissue regeneration applications.