Abstract
Background Malaysia has been one of the most prominent destination countries for medical tourism. The industry received significant government support to create a conducive environment for its growth, such as the provision of an investment tax allowance for the facilities participating in medical tourism and the establishment of the Malaysia Healthcare Travel Council (MHTC) to coordinate collaboration between various industry stakeholders to promote medical tourism activities at the international level and facilitate inbound medical tourists. The establishment of the MHTC facilitates collaboration between various industry stakeholders. In addition to facilitating medical tourism activities, MHTC is also involved in analysing relevant data, including but not limited to the socio-demography of medical tourists, the trend of their healthcare service utilisation, revenue generated, and market intelligence to promote the industry's growth. The council serves as a medium to facilitate the collaboration of stakeholders such as the hospitals participating in medical tourism, the Association of Private Hospitals Malaysia, the Malaysian Society for Quality in Health, and various government agencies, including the Ministry of Health and the Department of Immigration, Malaysia. We explore the policy-related implications of medical tourism and its relationship with the Malaysian national healthcare system. Methodology We revisited Pocock and Phua's conceptual framework of policy implications for medical tourism to explore its relevance after more than a decade of intensive government support and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. We employed a qualitative case study design using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with stakeholders from the Ministry of Health Malaysia, the private health sector, professional bodies, academics, and health-related civil society organisations. Results Our study found that many issues identified in the original framework remain relevant after over a decade. However, we also identified additional implications, such as the role of insurance portability in encouraging the growth of international hospital accreditation and the issue of equitable access to healthcare within the context of the current Malaysian healthcare system in the aftermath of COVID-19. Conclusion Due to its vulnerability, there is a need to develop a strategic collaboration that includes incorporating medical tourism activities into a broader framework, such as promoting aged care within the retirement destinations package for expatriates, which could ensure its sustainability instead of relying solely on medical tourism activities. In the meantime, policy implications arising from the industry remain relevant and should be addressed through a comprehensive structural reform of the national healthcare system involving stakeholders from the public and private health sectors.