Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted significant attention due to their severe threats to both ecological systems and human health. In this paper, a high-performance surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate based on NCF/GO/Au@Ag nanocomposites was developed, which enabled sensitive and stable detection of PAHs. The NCF/GO/Au@Ag substrate synergistic utilizes the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Au@Ag core-shell nanorods and the additional interfacial charge transfer provided by graphene oxide (GO) to exhibit extremely high sensitivity. And the three-dimensional fibrous network of nanocellulose (NCF) improved nanoparticle dispersion uniformity. Combined finite element simulations and experimental studies verified that the dual plasmonic resonances (512 nm and 772 nm) of Au@Ag nanorods optimally match 785 nm excitation, yielding an enhancement factor of 5.21 × 10(5). GO integration enhanced Raman signals by 1.68-fold through interfacial charge transfer, while the introduction of NCF reduced the signal relative standard deviation (RSD) from 36.88% to 4.29%. The NCF/GO/Au@Ag substrate achieved a detection limit of 10 μg/L for PAHs, demonstrating exceptional sensitivity and reproducibility.