Abstract
While multiplexed fluorescence imaging is frequently used for in vitro microscopy, extending the technique to whole animal imaging in vivo has remained challenging due to the attenuation and scattering of visible and traditional near infrared (NIR-I) wavelengths. Fluorescence imaging using short-wave infrared (SWIR, 1000 - 1700 nm, a.k.a. NIR-II) light enables deeper tissue penetration for preclinical imaging compared to previous methods due to reduced tissue scattering and minimal background autofluorescence in this optical window. Combining NIR-I excitation wavelengths with multiple distinct SWIR emission peaks presents a tremendous opportunity to distinguish multiple fluorophores with high precision for non-invasive, multiplexed anatomical imaging in small animal models. SWIR-emitting semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) with tunable emission peaks and optical stability have emerged as powerful contrast agents, but SWIR imaging demonstrations have yet to move beyond two-color imaging schemes. In this study, we engineered a set of three high quantum yield lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide (PbS/CdS) core/shell QDs with distinct SWIR emissions ranging from 1100 - 1550 nm and utilize these for simultaneous three-color imaging in mice. We first use QDs to non-invasively track lymphatic drainage, highlighting the detailed network of lymphatic vessels with high-resolution with a widefield imaging over a 2 hr period. We then perform multiplexed imaging with all three QDs to distinctly visualize the lymphatic system and spatially overlapping vasculature network. This work establishes optimized SWIR QDs for next-generation multiplexed preclinical imaging, moving beyond the capability of previous dual-labeling techniques. The capacity to discriminate several fluorescent labels through non-invasive NIR-I excitation and SWIR detection unlocks numerous opportunities for studies of disease progression, drug biodistribution, and cell trafficking dynamics in living organisms.