Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that deep learning (DL) methods can produce robust prediction of gene expression profile (GEP) in uveal melanoma (UM) based on digital cytopathology images. DESIGN: Evaluation of a diagnostic test or technology. SUBJECTS PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: Deidentified smeared cytology slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin obtained from a fine needle aspirated from UM. METHODS: Digital whole-slide images were generated by fine-needle aspiration biopsies of UM tumors that underwent GEP testing. A multistage DL system was developed with automatic region-of-interest (ROI) extraction from digital cytopathology images, an attention-based neural network, ROI feature aggregation, and slide-level data augmentation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The ability of our DL system in predicting GEP on a slide (patient) level. Data were partitioned at the patient level (73% training; 27% testing). RESULTS: In total, our study included 89 whole-slide images from 82 patients and 121 388 unique ROIs. The testing set included 24 slides from 24 patients (12 class 1 tumors; 12 class 2 tumors; 1 slide per patient). Our DL system for GEP prediction achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.944, an accuracy of 91.7%, a sensitivity of 91.7%, and a specificity of 91.7% on a slide-level analysis. The incorporation of slide-level feature aggregation and data augmentation produced a more predictive DL model (P = 0.0031). CONCLUSIONS: Our current work established a complete pipeline for GEP prediction in UM tumors: from automatic ROI extraction from digital cytopathology whole-slide images to slide-level predictions. Our DL system demonstrated robust performance and, if validated prospectively, could serve as an image-based alternative to GEP testing.