Abstract
By putting heterologous genomic regulatory systems into contact, chromosome addition lines derived from interspecific or intergeneric crosses allow the investigation of transcriptional regulation in new genomic environments. Here, we report the transcriptional and epigenetic adaptation of stably inherited alien maize chromosomes in two oat-maize addition (OMA) lines. We found that the majority of maize genes displayed maize-specific transcription in the oat genomic environment. Nevertheless, a quarter of the expressed genes encoded by the two maize chromosomes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Notably, highly conserved orthologs were more severely differentially expressed in OMAs than less conserved orthologs. Additionally, syntenic genes and highly abundant genes were over-represented among DEGs. Gene suppression was more common than activation among the DEGs; however, the genes in the former maize pericentromere, which expanded to become the new centromere in OMAs, were activated. Histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K9ac and H3K27me3) were consistent with these transcriptome results. We expect that cis regulation is responsible for unchanged expression in OMA versus maize; and trans regulation is the predominant mechanism behind DEGs. The genome interaction identified here reveals the important consequences of interspecific/intergeneric crosses and potential mechanisms of plant evolution when genomic environments interact.