Abstract
Pectinolytic enzymes play an important role in cocoa fermentation. In this study, we characterized three extracellular pectate lyases (Pels) produced by bacilli isolated from fermenting cocoa beans. These enzymes, named Pel-22, Pel-66, and Pel-90, were synthesized by Bacillus pumilus BS22, Bacillus subtilis BS66, and Bacillus fusiformis BS90, respectively. The three Pels were produced under their natural conditions and purified from the supernatants using a one-step chromatography method. The purified enzymes exhibited optimum activity at 60 degrees C, and the half-time of thermoinactivation at this temperature was approximately 30 min. Pel-22 had a low specific activity compared with the other two enzymes. However, it displayed high affinity for the substrate, about 2.5-fold higher than those of Pel-66 and Pel-90. The optimum pHs were 7.5 for Pel-22 and 8.0 for Pel-66 and Pel-90. The three enzymes trans-eliminated polygalacturonate in a random manner to generate two long oligogalacturonides, as well as trimers and dimers. A synergistic effect was observed between Pel-22 and Pel-66 and between Pel-22 and Pel-90, but not between Pel-90 and Pel-66. The Pels were also strongly active on highly methylated pectins (up to 60% for Pel-66 and Pel-90 and up to 75% for Pel-22). Fe(2+) was found to be a better cofactor than Ca(2+) for Pel-22 activity, while Ca(2+) was the best cofactor for Pel-66 and Pel-90. The amino acid sequences deduced from the cloned genes showed the characteristics of Pels belonging to Family 1. The pel-66 and pel-90 genes appear to be very similar, but they are different from the pel-22 gene. The characterized enzymes form two groups, Pel-66/Pel-90 and Pel-22; members of the different groups might cooperate to depolymerize pectin during the fermentation of cocoa beans.