Abstract
The bacterial strain Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 does not produce siderophores, but it absorbs a large amount of ferric iron and synthesizes magnetosomes. We demonstrated previously the presence of six types of ferric reductase isozymes (termed FeR1 through FeR6) in MSR-1. Of these isozymes, FeR5 was the most abundant and FeR6 showed the highest ferric reductase activity. In the present study, we cloned the fer5 and fer6 genes from MSR-1 and expressed them separately in Escherichia coli. FeR5 and FeR6 were shown to be bifunctional enzymes through analysis of amino acid sequence homologies, structural predictions (using data from GenBank), and detection of enzyme activities. FeR5 is a thioredoxin reductase and FeR6 is a flavin reductase, in addition to being ferric reductases. To elucidate the functions of the enzymes, we constructed two single-gene-deletion mutant strains (Δfer5 and Δfer6 mutants) and a double-gene-deletion mutant strain (Δfer5 Δfer6 [Δfer5+6] mutant) along with its complemented strains (C5 and C6). An evaluation of phenotypic and physiological properties did not reveal significant differences between the wild-type and single-gene-deletion strains, whereas the double-gene-deletion strain showed reduced iron absorption and no magnetosome synthesis. Complementation of the double-gene-deletion strain using either fer5 or fer6 resulted in the partial recovery of magnetosome synthesis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of fer5 and fer6 transcriptional levels in the wild-type and complemented strains demonstrated consistent transcription of the two genes and confirmed that FeR5 and FeR6 are bifunctional enzymes that play complementary roles during the process of magnetosome synthesis in MSR-1.