Abstract
Background: Endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are evolutionarily ancient molecular factors of innate immunity that play a key role in host defense. The study of the diversity of animal defense peptides has important applications in the context of the growing global antimicrobial resistance. Methods: In this study using a transcriptome mining approach, we found three novel thanatin-like β-hairpin AMPs in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris, named Rip-2, Rip-3, and Rip-4. The peptides were expressed in the bacterial system, and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Results: Homologs of the discovered AMPs are widely distributed among different members of the infraorder Pentatomomorpha. Rip-2 was shown to have the most similar structure and LptA-targeting mechanism of action to those of thanatin, but the former peptides demonstrated a higher activity against key Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens and also displayed a significant efficacy in a lethal model of septicemia caused by E. coli in mice at daily doses greater than 5 mg/kg. In contrast, Rip-3 and Rip-4 peptides caused bacterial membrane damage, did not induce bacterial resistance, and exhibited a strong selectivity against Bacillus and Mycobacterium spp. Conclusions: This study extends the knowledge of the structure and functions of insect host defense AMPs. Each of the novel β-hairpin peptides has a potential to be a template for the development of selective antibiotic drugs.