Abstract
Naltrexone (NTX) hydrochloride is a potent opioid antagonist with significant first-pass metabolism and notable untoward effects when administered orally or intramuscularly. Microneedle (MN)-assisted transdermal delivery is an attractive alternative that can improve therapeutic delivery to deeper skin layers. In this study, chitosan-NTX microspheres were developed via spray-drying, and their potential for transdermal NTX delivery in association with MN skin treatment was assessed. A quality-by-design approach was used to evaluate the impact of key input variables (chitosan molecular weight, concentration, chitosan-NTX ratio, and feed flow rate) on microsphere physical characteristics, encapsulation efficiency, and drug-loading capacity. Formulated microspheres had high encapsulation efficiencies (70%-87%), with drug-loading capacities ranging from 10%-43%. NTX flux through MN-treated skin was 11.6 ± 2.2 µg/cm(2)·h from chitosan-NTX microspheres, which was significantly higher than flux across intact skin. Combining MN-assisted delivery with the chitosan microsphere formulation enabled NTX delivery across the skin barrier, while controlling the dose released to the skin.