Abstract
The growing crisis of antibiotic resistance and the increasing incidence of cancer have prompted the exploration of innovative approaches, such as gene editing and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The human microbiome is integral to various aspects of health, disease, and therapeutic development, influencing metabolic pathways, immune function, and pathogen resistance. Recent advances in gene editing technologies, particularly CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), have opened new avenues for leveraging the microbiome to address complex medical challenges, including combating multidrug-resistant pathogens and cancer. The microbiome plays a crucial role in combating antibiotic resistance by modulating microbial communities, influencing pathogen survival and susceptibility to treatments. This review explores the microbiome's dynamic role in metabolic regulation, its contribution to cancer management, and how AMPs help maintain homeostasis and exhibit emerging anticancer properties, supported by both preclinical findings and clinical evidence. Additionally, CRISPR-based microbiome engineering offers potential to enhance host-microbiome interactions, optimizing therapeutic outcomes. The integration of microbiome metagenomics and proteomics has led to the discovery of novel AMPs with targeted anticancer effects. Innovative strategies, such as engineered probiotics and CRISPR-based microbiome engineering, present exciting prospects for next-generation therapies. Despite these advances, the translation of microbiome-based therapies into clinical settings remains challenging due to ethical, regulatory, and ecological hurdles. This review underscores the transformative potential of microbiome-based interventions, emphasizing the role of personalized medicine in maximizing therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, we also address critical research gaps, limitations, and future directions, including optimizing AMP stability, delivery, and bioavailability, as well as overcoming the regulatory and ethical challenges in clinical translation.