Abstract
BACKGROUND: Operable triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an unfavorable subtype of breast cancer, which usually requires an aggressive perioperative systemic treatment. When TNBC presents as a second primary cancer after cured acute leukemia, its management might be challenging. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case report of a young postmenopausal woman with an operable TNBC who had a history of the B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and graft versus host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). A history of previous treatment with anthracyclines and radiotherapy and GVHD limited the use of doxorubicin for treatment of her TNBC. Due to the history of GVHD, perioperative treatment with pembrolizumab was omitted. Genetic testing was challenging due to the possible contamination of her tissues with the donor's cells after allo-SCT. In samples of our patient's buccal swab, peripheral blood, and tumor tissue, a pathogenic variant in the partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) gene was found. With neoadjuvant chemotherapy which included carboplatin, a pathologic complete response was achieved. Although our patient has a low risk for recurrence of TNBC, her risk for the development of new primary cancers remains substantial. CONCLUSION: This case highlights challenges in the systemic treatment, genetic testing, and follow-up of patients with operable TNBC and other solid cancers who have a history of acute leukemia.