Abstract
BACKGROUND: People with skin disease suffer due to disease-related physical symptoms, as well as due to significant psychosocial burden. A major contributor of this burden is the experience of stigmatization. Research indicates that people with visible skin diseases deal with both social stigma and self-stigma. OBJECTIVE: This systematic literature review aimed to aggregate existing research on correlates and mechanisms that contribute to self-stigmatization among people with atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, alopecia areata or hidradenitis suppurativa and to, ultimately, identify targets for psychosocial interventions. METHODS: The review followed PRISMA guidelines. Four databases, PubMed, OVID, Web of Science and PsycINFO were searched for peer-reviewed articles. Studies were identified by two independent researchers and were eligible if they (1) assessed adults with one of five chronic skin diseases-atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, alopecia areata or hidradenitis suppurativa, (2) measured self-stigma or relevant synonyms, (3) evaluated psychosocial correlates, predictors or explanatory mechanisms of self-stigma and (4) were published in German or English in a peer-reviewed journal. The Johanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies was used to evaluate the quality of studies. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies were included with a mean quality rating of 7.04 (out of 8). Social stigma, coping strategies (such as lack of acceptance) and lack of social support were identified as main predictors of self-stigma. Although study quality was good, all but one study had a cross-sectional design that does not allow examining causal relationships among the determinants of self-stigma. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from the present review revealed several psychosocial variables that are malleable and potentially suitable as intervention targets. Those variables such as acceptance should be targeted in evidence-based interventions specifically developed to reduce self-stigma to, ultimately, improve mental health of people affected.