Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic has reinvigorated interest in the creation and widespread deployment of durable, cost-effective, and environmentally benign antipathogenic coatings for high-touch public surfaces. While the contact-kill capability and mechanism of metallic copper and its alloys are well established, the biocidal activity of the refractory oxide forms remains poorly understood. In this study, commercial cuprous oxide (Cu(2)O, cuprite) powder was rapidly nanostructured using high-energy cryomechanical processing. Coatings made from these processed powders demonstrated a passive "contact-kill" response to Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria that was 4× (400%) faster than coatings made from unprocessed powder. No viable bacteria (>99.999% (5-log10) reduction) were detected in bioassays performed after two hours of exposure of E. coli to coatings of processed cuprous oxide, while a greater than 99% bacterial reduction was achieved within 30 min of exposure. Further, these coatings were hydrophobic and no external energy input was required to activate their contact-kill capability. The upregulated antibacterial response of the processed powders is positively correlated with extensive induced crystallographic disorder and microstrain in the Cu(2)O lattice accompanied by color changes that are consistent with an increased semiconducting bandgap energy. It is deduced that cryomilling creates well-crystallized nanoscale regions enmeshed within the highly lattice-defective particle matrix. Increasing the relative proportion of lattice-defective cuprous oxide exposed to the environment at the coating surface is anticipated to further enhance the antipathogenic capability of this abundant, inexpensive, robust, and easily handled material for wider application in contact-kill surfaces.