Abstract
Colonization of plant roots by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi frequently leads to the accumulation of several apocarotenoids. The corresponding carotenoid precursors originate from the plastidial 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway. We have cloned and characterized 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), catalyzing the first committed step of the pathway, from maize (Zea mays). Functional identification was accomplished by heterologous expression of sequences coding for the mature protein in Escherichia coli. DXR is up-regulated in maize roots during mycorrhization as shown at transcript and protein levels, but is also abundant in leaves and young seedlings. Inspection of sequenced genomes and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases argue for a single-copy DXR gene. Immunolocalization studies in mycorrhizal roots using affinity-purified antibodies revealed a DXR localization in plastids around the main symbiotic structures, the arbuscules. DXR protein accumulation is tightly correlated with arbuscule development. The highest level of DXR protein is reached around maturity and initial senescence of these structures. We further demonstrate the formation of a DXR-containing plastidial network around arbuscules, which is highly interconnected in the mature, functional state of the arbuscules. Our findings imply a functional role of a still unknown nature for the apocarotenoids or their respective carotenoid precursors in the arbuscular life cycle.