Abstract
Coniferous trees are the most dominant trees in Finland with a great economic value for pulp, paper, and timber making. Thus, their utilization also results in large quantities of residues, especially bark and needles. Tree needles are a rich source of bioactive compounds, which have a considerable utilization potential in different pharmaceutical or techno-chemical applications. In this study, hydrothermal extraction (HTE) of the needles from four conifer tree species, namely, Scots pine, Norway spruce, common juniper, and European larch, was performed. Besides water, ethanol was also used as a solvent to enhance extraction efficiency and selectivity. All of the HTE experiments were conducted with a customized high-pressure reactor operated at 120 °C and 5 bar. The obtained needle extracts were then analyzed using a direct-infusion ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. The FT-ICR analysis of water and ethanol extracts allowed identification of over 200 secondary plant metabolites, including monosaccharides, organic acids, terpenoids, a variety of phenolic compounds, and nitrogen alkaloids. The use of ethanol as the extraction solvent considerably enhanced the recovery of lipids, especially terpenoids, some polyphenols, and other unsaturated hydrocarbon species.