Abstract
In this work, dewatered waste activated sludge (DWAS) was subjected to hydrothermal carbonization to obtain hydrochars that can be used as renewable solid fuels or activated carbon precursors. A central composite rotatable design was used to analyze the effect of temperature (140-220 °C) and reaction time (0.5-4 h) on the physicochemical properties of the products. The hydrochars exhibited increased heating values (up to 22.3 MJ/kg) and their air-activation provided carbons with a low BET area (100 m(2)/g). By contrast, chemical activation with K(2)CO(3), KOH, FeCl(3) and ZnCl(2) gave carbons with a well-developed porous network (BET areas of 410-1030 m(2)/g) and substantial contents in mesopores (0.079-0.271 cm(3)/g) and micropores (0.136-0.398 cm(3)/g). The chemically activated carbons had a fairly good potential to adsorb emerging pollutants such as sulfamethoxazole, antipyrine and desipramine from the liquid phase. This was especially the case with KOH-activated hydrochars, which exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 412, 198 and 146 mg/g, respectively, for the previous pollutants.