Abstract
CD40 signaling has long been a target in autoimmunity. Attempts to block signaling between CD40 and CD154 during clinical trials using monoclonal antibodies suffered severe adverse events. Previously, we developed a peptide, KGYY15, that targets CD40 and, in preclinical trials, prevents type 1 diabetes in >90% of cases and reverses new-onset hyperglycemia in 56% of cases. It did so by establishing normal effector T-cell levels rather than ablating the cells and causing immunosuppression. However, the relationship between KGYY15 and other elements of the complex signaling network of CD40 is not clear. Studying interactions between proteins from autoimmune and nonautoimmune mice, we demonstrate interactions between CD40 and integrin CD11a/CD18, which complicates the understanding of the inflammatory nexus and how to prevent autoinflammation. In addition to interacting with CD40, KGYY15 interacts with the integrins CD11a/CD18 and CD11b/CD18. We argue that modulation of CD40-CD154 signaling may be more advantageous than complete inhibition because it may preserve normal immunity to pathogens.