Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a complex, multifactorial metabolic disorder that poses a significant global health challenge. Despite advancements in conventional therapies, limitations persist in achieving optimal glycemic control, primarily due to the disease's heterogeneity. Precision medicine represents a paradigm shift in the management of T2D by tailoring treatments to individual genetic, molecular, and environmental factors. This review examines the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying T2D and their implications for precision medicine, highlighting critical advancements in genomic and multi-omics technologies, including pharmacogenomics and transcriptomics. It also discusses the limitations of traditional therapeutic approaches and identifies the unmet needs in diabetes care. Furthermore, this review examines future directions, including the integration of artificial intelligence, microbiome analysis, and digital health tools, to advance precision medicine in T2D. By bridging research and clinical practice, this review aims to inspire innovative strategies that redefine the landscape of T2D management and offer hope for improved patient outcomes through personalized interventions.