Abstract
This report examines the evolving role of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in Japan, especially in light of the reduced public concern following the reclassification of COVID-19 as a Category 5 infectious disease in May 2023. With over half the population estimated to have hybrid immunity from prior infections and vaccinations, this report evaluated the necessity and frequency of additional booster doses. Despite strong recommendations from Japanese medical societies to continue vaccination, public skepticism remains owing to financial burdens, adverse reactions, and the perceived limited benefits of frequent boosters. Studies on antibody responses have revealed that individuals with hybrid immunity maintain robust protection with significantly elevated antibody titers that persist over extended periods. Case studies have indicated durable immunity among individuals who have both been vaccinated and experienced breakthrough infections, raising questions about the need for uniform booster policies. This report also discusses the newly approved replicon-type (self-amplifying) vaccines currently available only in Japan, which have generated public and professional debates regarding their efficacy and safety. A more personalized approach to vaccination that takes into account the antibody titers, prior infection history, and individual choices is recommended. Finally, this report underscores the importance of aligning vaccination policies with scientific evidence and public sentiment to optimize COVID-19 countermeasures in Japan.