Abstract
The gammaproteobacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is a blood pathogen of insects that requires the CpxRA signal transduction system for full virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007). We show here that the DeltacpxR1 mutant has altered localization, growth, and immune suppressive activities relative to its wild-type parent during infection of Manduca sexta insects. In contrast to wild-type X. nematophila, which were recovered throughout infection, DeltacpxR1 cells did not accumulate in hemolymph until after insect death. In vivo imaging of fluorescently labeled bacteria within live insects showed that DeltacpxR1 displayed delayed accumulation and also occasionally were present in isolated nodes rather than systemically throughout the insect as was wild-type X. nematophila. In addition, in contrast to its wild-type parent, the DeltacpxR1 mutant elicited transcription of an insect antimicrobial peptide, cecropin. Relative to phosphate-buffered saline-injected insects, cecropin transcript was induced 21-fold more in insects injected with DeltacpxR1 and 2-fold more in insects injected with wild-type X. nematophila. These data suggest that the DeltacpxR1 mutant has a defect in immune suppression or has an increased propensity to activate M. sexta immunity. CpxR regulates, directly or indirectly, genes known or predicted to be involved in virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007), including lrhA, encoding a transcription factor necessary for X. nematophila virulence, motility, and lipase production (G. R. Richards et al., J. Bacteriol. 190:4870-4879, 2008). CpxR positively regulates lrhA transcript, and we have shown that altered regulation of lrhA in the DeltacpxR1 mutant causes this strain's virulence defect. The DeltacpxR1 mutant expressing lrhA from a constitutive lac promoter showed wild-type virulence in M. sexta. These data suggest that CpxR contributes to X. nematophila virulence through the regulation of lrhA, immune suppression, and growth in Insecta.