Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) represents one of the most prevalent opportunistic fungal pathogens in cancer patients. Although the association between C. albicans and cancer has been recognized for decades, the causal relationship, whether C. albicans infection is a consequence of cancer or a direct contributor to cancer development-remains a subject of intensive investigation. Recently, the complex interplay between microbes and cancer has garnered significant attention within the scientific community, with growing interest in elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms. This review systematically examines the biological characteristics of C. albicans, its multifaceted interactions with the host, and its relationship with the intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the association between C. albicans and the development of various malignancies, with particular emphasis on digestive tract cancers. The review also identifies critical knowledge gaps and apparent contradictions in existing research, highlighting potential avenues for breakthroughs that will advance the efficient and accurate screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.