Abstract
Lymphadenitis, due to typical or atypical Mycobacterium, is a clinical condition frequently associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Differential diagnosis between benign and malignant causes may be a challenge for clinicians. In this regard, the role of positron emission tomography (PET) with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) has still not been fully explored. We describe a case of 30-year-old male, infected by HIV, with mycobacterial lymphadenitis, in which (18)FDG-PET and PET-derived parameters resulted useful for guiding diagnosis and monitoring the response to treatment.