Abstract
In this study, we address the persistent challenge of providing adequate oxygen to transplanted cells by introducing a respiratoid biosystem. Central to our strategy is the chloroplast-transit-peptide (CTP), crucial for optimal oxygenation. Through conjugation of CTP with alginate, we achieve stabilization of chloroplast structure. Strategically anchored to the outer chloroplast membrane, CTP not only ensures structural integrity but also upregulates key photosynthesis-associated genes. This biosystem demonstrates exceptional efficacy in spontaneously generating oxygen, particularly under hypoxic conditions (~1% pO(2)). In an application, pancreatic islets encapsulated within the respiratoid biosystem and intraperitoneally implanted in diabetic mice maintain normal glucose levels effectively. Insulin secretion persists for 100 days post-xenotransplantation without the need for immunosuppressant administration, highlighting the reliance on the respiratoid biosystem's oxygen supply and structural stability. Our study demonstrates the respiratoid biosystem as a platform in tissue engineering, offering a nature-inspired solution to the critical challenge of spontaneous oxygen supply.