Abstract
Cardiovascular regeneration aims to renew damaged or necrotic tissue and to enhance cardiac functional performance. Despite the hope arisen from the introduction and use of stem cells (SCs) as a novel cardiac regenerative approach, to-this-date, clinical trial findings are still ambivalent despite preclinical successes. Concurrently, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) advances have been based on nanotechnological breakthroughs that have (a) allowed fluorinated nanoparticles and ultrasmall iron oxide single-cell labeling, (b) explored imaging detection sensitivity limits (for preclinical/low-field clinical settings), and (c) accomplished cellular tracking in vivo. Nevertheless, outcomes have been far from ideal. Herein, the recently developed preclinical and clinical (1)H and (19)F MRI approaches for direct cardiac SC labeling techniques intended for cellular implantation and their potential for tracking these cells in health and infarcted states are summarized. To this extent, the potential preclinical and clinical values of (19)F MRI and tracking of SCs for cardiac regeneration in myocardial infarction are questioned and challenged.