Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an adaptive immune response of the nervous system to tissue injury or microbial invasion. As innate immune cells of the central nervous system, neuroglia cells-especially astrocytes and microglia-play a critical role in maintaining neural homeostasis. Bioactive lipids, key molecules at the core of tissue immune homeostasis, regulate a variety of biological activities with precision, participating in the management of neuroinflammation, a process often mediated by glial cells. The four major classes of bioactive lipids, including classic eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), endocannabinoids (eCBs), and lysophospholipids/sphingolipids (LPLs/SPs), influence the regulation of neuroinflammation in a context-dependent manner by affecting the phenotypic changes and activation states of neuroglial cells, thus collectively contributing to the modulation of neuroinflammation. A comprehensive review and summary of these regulatory mechanisms will provide potential directions for future research integrating emerging single-cell lipidomics techniques and clinical trials of lipid-based therapeutics. In-depth exploration of this field holds great promise for offering novel strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.