Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of human membrane proteins and serve as primary targets of approximately one-third of currently marketed drugs. In particular, adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1) AR) is an important therapeutic target for treating cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injuries, neuropathic pain, and renal diseases. As a prototypical GPCR, the A(1) AR is located within a phospholipid membrane bilayer and transmits cellular signals by changing between different conformational states. It is important to elucidate the lipid-protein interactions in order to understand the functional mechanism of GPCRs. Here, all-atom simulations using a robust Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) method were performed on both the inactive (antagonist bound) and active (agonist and G-protein bound) A(1) AR, which was embedded in a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) lipid bilayer. In the GaMD simulations, the membrane lipids played a key role in stabilizing different conformational states of the A(1) AR. Our simulations further identified important regions of the receptor that interacted distinctly with the lipids in highly correlated manner. Activation of the A(1) AR led to differential dynamics in the upper and lower leaflets of the lipid bilayer. In summary, GaMD enhanced simulations have revealed strongly coupled dynamics of the GPCR and lipids that depend on the receptor activation state. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.