Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Prenatal exposure to famine can lead to lasting health effects through changes in DNA methylation. This study aims to evaluate the impact of prenatal exposure to the Chinses Great Famine (1959-1961) on human epigenome and the subsequent influence on blood lipids. METHODS: We conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of peripheral blood-based DNA methylation and prenatal exposure to the Chinese Great Famine as well as blood lipids among eight participants exposed to famine and eight sex-matched participants (born ≤ 3 years after the famine). Genome-wide DNA methylation sites were profiled using the Illumina EPIC BeadChip, which covers 850K methylation positions. RESULTS: After EWAS analyses, seven probes in genes C8orf31, ELAVL1, U6, GBA2, SHOX2, SLC1A4, and NPHP4 reached p < 1 × 10(-5). Of these, famine exposure was associated with decreased methylation levels of a GBA2 exonic probe cg08258661 (p = 4.9 × 10(-6)). After false discovery rate (FDR) correction, pathway enrichment analyses for genes harboring nominally significant (p < 0.05) probes identified 44 significant pathways (q < 0.05), and 5 pathways were related to lipid metabolism. After FDR correction in each pathway, probes cg02622866 (5'UTR of ATF2, p = 1.09 × 10(-3)), cg07316730 (body of GRB2, p = 1.32 × 10(-3)), and cg01105385 (body of PIK3R1, p = 1.94 × 10(-3)) in the PI2K-Akt signaling pathway were associated with blood LDL-C (q ≤ 0.04); probes cg09180702 (3'UTR of PIGQ, p = 9.21 × 10(-5), and q = 0.04) and cg01421548 (body of HS3ST4, p = 5.23 × 10(-5), and q = 0.01) in the metabolism pathway were associated with blood LDL-C and HDL-C, respectively; In addition, probe cg08460387 (5'UTR of MAN1C1, p = 1.09 × 10(-4), and q = 0.02) in the vesicle-mediated transport pathway was associated with log-transformed blood triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: Through an epigenetic study of the Chinese Great Famine, we identified six novel genes involved in lipid metabolism.