Abstract
BACKGROUND: To understand the dynamic process of cessation fatigue (i.e., the tiredness of trying to quit smoking) with respect to its average trend, effect on relapse, time-varying relations with craving and negative affect, and differences among genders and treatment groups. METHOD: Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants received either placebo, monotherapy (bupropion SR, nicotine patch, nicotine lozenge), or combined pharmacotherapy (bupropion SR+nicotine lozenge, nicotine patch+nicotine lozenge). Data were collected from 1504 daily smokers who were motivated to quit smoking. The participants completed baseline assessments and ecological momentary assessments for 2 weeks post-quit. RESULTS: Cessation fatigue reduced the likelihood of 6-month post-quit abstinence (OR=0.97, 95% CI (0.95, 0.99)), and was positively associated with craving and negative affect. After controlling for these two factors, average cessation fatigue increased over time. Compared to men, women experienced greater fatigue (t=-10.69, p<0.0001) and a stronger relation between fatigue and craving (t=-8.80, p<0.0001). The relationship between fatigue and negative affect was significantly stronger in men (t=5.73, p<0.0001). Cessation fatigue was significantly reduced by combined pharmacotherapy (t=-13.4, p<0.0001), as well as monotherapy (t=-6.2, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Cessation fatigue was closely related to craving, negative affect, and cessation outcomes. Women reported greater cessation fatigue than men. Current treatments appeared to reduce fatigue and weaken its relations with craving and negative affect.