Abstract
Significant unmet needs exist for development of better pharmacotherapeutic agents for major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as the current drugs are inadequate. Our goal in this study is to investigate behavioral pharmacological characterization of a novel triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI) D-578 which exhibits nanomolar potency at all three monoamine transporters (Ki; 16.2. 16.2, 3.23 nM, and 29.6, 20.6, 6.10 nM for the rat brain and cloned human dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine transporters, respectively) and exhibited little to no affinity for other off-target CNS receptors. In a rat forced swim test, compound D-578 upon oral administration displayed high efficacy and not stimulating in locomotor behavior. The effects of D-578 and paroxetine were next evaluated in a rat model for traumatic stress exposure - the single prolonged stress (SPS) model - which has been shown to have construct, predictive, and behavioral validity in modeling aspects of PTSD. Our results show that SPS had no effect on the acquisition of conditioned fear, but impaired extinction learning and extinction retention of fear behavior compared to sham treatment. D-578, but not paroxetine, attenuated the extinction and extinction-retention deficit induced by SPS. These findings suggest that D-578 has greater efficacy in normalizing traumatic stress-induced extinction-retention learning in a model for PTSD compared to paroxetine. Overall these results suggest that D-578, in addition to producing a robust and efficacious antidepressant effect, may attenuate maladaptive retention of fearful memories and support further testing of this agent for the pharmacotherapy of depression and PTSD.