Abstract
Icing remains a major challenge in industrial and environmental applications, leading to efficiency losses, safety hazards, and substantial economic impacts. Conventional deicing methods are energy-intensive and environmentally unsustainable, often requiring high energy inputs, extensive operational maintenance, or the use of harmful chemicals. These drawbacks underscore the need for advanced, scalable solutions that are both efficient and environmentally responsible. Here, the armored photothermal icephobic structured surface (APISS) is presented that combines superhydrophobicity and photothermal effects to deliver superior anti-icing performance. The APISS consists hierarchical micro-nanostructures with titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticles encapsulated in a silica shell, ensuring exceptional durability and efficient solar energy conversion. Under 1 sun illumination, APISS achieves a temperature increase of 35 °C, effectively melting ice within 179 s and preventing refreezing. Its superhydrophobic properties facilitate the removal of melted water, maintaining a clean and dry surface. Comprehensive testing reveals that APISS significantly outperforms existing anti-icing materials in scalability, durability, and sustainability, making it highly suitable for renewable energy, aviation, and infrastructure maintenance. The work highlights APISS as an advanced approach to anti-icing technology, addressing critical challenges with a scalable and environmentally friendly solution.