Abstract
PURPOSE: A fundamental problem in designing safe machine learning systems is identifying when samples presented to a deployed model differ from those observed at training time. Detecting so-called out-of-distribution (OoD) samples is crucial in safety-critical applications such as robotically guided retinal microsurgery, where distances between the instrument and the retina are derived from sequences of 1D images that are acquired by an instrument-integrated optical coherence tomography (iiOCT) probe. METHODS: This work investigates the feasibility of using an OoD detector to identify when images from the iiOCT probe are inappropriate for subsequent machine learning-based distance estimation. We show how a simple OoD detector based on the Mahalanobis distance can successfully reject corrupted samples coming from real-world ex vivo porcine eyes. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach can successfully detect OoD samples and help maintain the performance of the downstream task within reasonable levels. MahaAD outperformed a supervised approach trained on the same kind of corruptions and achieved the best performance in detecting OoD cases from a collection of iiOCT samples with real-world corruptions. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that detecting corrupted iiOCT data through OoD detection is feasible and does not need prior knowledge of possible corruptions. Consequently, MahaAD could aid in ensuring patient safety during robotically guided microsurgery by preventing deployed prediction models from estimating distances that put the patient at risk.