Abstract
Tamoxifen is a successful endocrine therapy drug for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, resistance to tamoxifen compromises the efficacy of endocrine treatment. In the present study, we identified potential tamoxifen resistance-related gene markers and investigated their mechanistic details. First, we established two ER + breast cancer cell lines resistant to tamoxifen, named MCF-7/TMR and BT474/TMR. Gene expression profiling showed that CXXC finger protein 4 (CXXC4) expression is lower in MCF-7/TMR cells than in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, CXXC4 mRNA and protein expression are lower in the resistant cell lines than in the corresponding parental cell lines. We also investigated the correlation between CXXC4 and endocrine resistance in ER + breast cancer cells. CXXC4 knockdown accelerates cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and renders breast cancer cells insensitive to tamoxifen, whereas CXXC4 overexpression inhibits cancer cell growth and increases tamoxifen sensitivity of resistant cells. In addition, we demonstrated that CXXC4 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer cells by modulating the phosphorylation of GSK-3β, influencing the integrity of the β-catenin degradation complex. Silencing the CXXC4 gene upregulates expression of cyclinD1 and c-myc (the downstream targets of Wnt signaling) and promotes cell cycle progression. Conversely, ectopic expression of CXXC4 downregulates the expression of these proteins and arrests the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. Finally, the small-molecule inhibitor XAV939 suppresses Wnt signaling and sensitizes resistant cells to tamoxifen. These results indicate that components of Wnt pathway that are early in response to tamoxifen could be involved as an intrinsic factor of the transition to endocrine resistance, and inhibition of Wnt signaling may be an effective therapeutic strategy to overcome tamoxifen resistance.