Abstract
BACKGROUND: Long-term use of most immunosuppressants to treat allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) generates unavoidable severe side effects, warranting discovery or development of new immunosuppressants with good efficacy and low toxicity is urgently needed to treat this condition. Hispidulin, a flavonoid compound that can be delivered topically due to its favorable skin penetrability properties, has recently been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, no studies have investigated the effect of hispidulin on Th1 cell activities in an ACD setting. METHODS: A contact hypersensitivity (CHS) mouse model was designed to simulate human ACD. The immunosuppressive effect of hispidulin was investigated via ear thickness, histologic changes (i.e., edema and spongiosis), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) gene expression in 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB)-sensitized mice. Cytotoxicity, total number of CD4(+) T cells, and percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells were also investigated in vitro using isolated CD4(+) T cells from murine spleens. RESULTS: Topically applied hispidulin effectively inhibited ear swelling (as measured by reduction in ear thickness), and reduced spongiosis, IFN-γ gene expression, and the number of infiltrated immune cells. The inhibitory effect of hispidulin was observed within 6 h after the challenge, and the observed effects were similar to those effectuated after dexamethasone administration. Hispidulin at a concentration up to 50 μM also suppressed IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells in a dose-dependent manner without inducing cell death, and without a change in total frequencies of CD4(+) T cells among different concentration groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study, therefore, suggest hispidulin as a novel compound for the treatment of ACD via the suppression of IFN-γ production in Th1 cells.