Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a hematological cancer depicted by the proliferation of plasma cells within the bone marrow, causing immune dysfunction and other abnormalities. The gut microbiome, the microbial community in the gastrointestinal tract, was found to modulate systemic immunity, inflammation, and metabolism. Although the interplay between gut microbiome and multiple myeloma has been found in recent research, there is a gap in knowledge linking the effect of the microbiome on the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple myeloma. The imbalance in the gut microbiome, dysbiosis, may influence multiple myeloma pathogenesis through immune modulation and inflammation. Certain microbial species have been associated with multiple myeloma progression, complications, and therapeutic responses to treatment. Moreover, microbiome-derived metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, can influence the immune circuits associated with multiple myeloma progression. Understanding the bidirectional relationship between multiple myeloma and gut microbiota may provide insights into enhanced treatment and the development of new microbiome-based interventions. The current review provides a comprehensive highlight of current evidence linking the gut microbiome with multiple myeloma, demonstrating its significant roles in the development, progression, and treatment of multiple myeloma. Additionally, it focuses on the therapeutic potential of modulating the gut microbiome as a novel adjunct strategy in multiple myeloma management.