Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Gut dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance in the gut microbiome, has been identified as a significant contributor to CRC progression. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the relationship between the gut microbiome and CRC, the precise underlying mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Recent studies emphasize the role of gut microorganisms in inducing DNA damage, promoting inflammation, and contributing to drug resistance, positioning the microbiome as a promising target for CRC prevention and therapy. This review examines the intricate relationship between gut microbiota and CRC, with a focus on tumorigenesis mechanisms and the potential utility of specific bacterial species as clinical biomarkers. Dysbiosis, often driven by dietary and environmental factors, has been implicated in CRC pathogenesis, with bacterial virulence factors, inflammatory pathways, and microbial metabolites playing central roles in disease progression. Strategies for modulating the gut microbiome, such as probiotic supplementation and other microbiome-targeted interventions, represent emerging therapeutic approaches. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges associated with translating microbiome research into clinical practice and proposes potential solutions. By advancing the understanding of microbiota-CRC interactions, this research offers valuable insights into novel strategies for CRC prevention, early detection, and treatment. Future studies aim to refine microbiome-based interventions, ultimately improving the clinical management of CRC.