Abstract
BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation that results in swollen and painful joints and even cartilage and bone damage. The gut microbiota, a novel anti-inflammatory target, is considered an important environmental factor in the development of RA. S-propargyl-cysteine (SPRC), an amino acid analogue, exerts anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective effects, and neuroprotective effects on various diseases. In recent studies, an SPRC treatment exerted anti-inflammatory effects on RA. Meanwhile, gut microbiome dysbiosis in individuals with RA has also been reported by many researchers. However, the relationship between SPRC and gut microbiota in individuals with RA remains unclear. METHODS: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups of 10 each, including the Control, Model, and SPRC groups. Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats in SPRC group were treated with SPRC. Measurement of paw volume and serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were applied to evaluate the inflammatory status. Fecal samples were collected on the 14(th) day and 28(th) day. Gut microbiota were analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing. Untargeted metabolomics on plasma samples was applied to investigate the metabolic changes induced by the altered gut microbiota by using derivatization-UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS. FINDINGS: Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we found that SPRC significantly altered the gut microbiota structure in AIA rats. In particular, Bifidobacterium, a genus of BSH (Bile Salt Hydrolase)-producing microbes, was overrepresented in SPRC-treated AIA rats. Additionally, a subsequent metabolomics analysis indicated that bile acid metabolism was also altered by SPRC treatment. Interestingly, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and glycocholic acid (GCA), which are formed with the participation of BSH-producing microbes in the intestine, were identified as crucial biomarkers responding to SPRC treatment with significantly lowered levels. INTERPRETATION: A mechanistic link between the gut microbiota and plasma metabolites was revealed in this study, which provides insights into the mechanism of SPRC treatment for RA from the perspective of the gut microbiota.