Abstract
Microbiomes have gained significant attention in ecological research, owing to their diverse interactions and essential roles within different organismal ecosystems. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, and viruses, have profound impact on host health, influencing digestion, metabolism, immune function, tissue development, and behavior. This study investigates the microbiome diversity and function of Kellet's whelk (Kelletia kelletii) perivitelline fluid (PVF), which sustains thousands of developing K. kelletii embryos within a polysaccharide and protein matrix. Our core microbiome analysis reveals a diverse range of bacteria, with the Roseobacter genus being the most abundant. Additionally, genes related to host-microbe interactions, symbiosis, and quorum sensing were detected, indicating a potential symbiotic relationship between the microbiome and Kellet's whelk embryos. Furthermore, the microbiome exhibits gene expression related to antibiotic biosynthesis, suggesting a defensive role against pathogenic bacteria and potential discovery of novel antibiotics. Overall, this study sheds light on the microbiome's role in Kellet's whelk development, emphasizing the significance of host-microbe interactions in vulnerable life history stages. To our knowledge, ours is the first study to use 16S sequencing coupled with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to profile the microbiome of an invertebrate PVF.IMPORTANCEThis study provides novel insight to an encapsulated system with strong evidence of symbiosis between the microbial inhabitants and developing host embryos. The Kellet's whelk perivitelline fluid (PVF) contains microbial organisms of interest that may be providing symbiotic functions and potential antimicrobial properties during this vulnerable life history stage. This study, the first to utilize a comprehensive approach to investigating Kellet's whelk PVF microbiome, couples 16S rRNA gene long-read sequencing with RNA-seq. This research contributes to and expands our knowledge on the roles of beneficial host-associated microbes.