Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) became a focus of clinical research when experimental and pre-clinical studies showed that they mimic their parent cells' regenerative and therapeutic effects and their cargo carries disease-specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Since the publication of data forms an endpoint of the study, this review specifically focused on the published clinical trials done with EVs. For brevity, this review was restricted to the last 10 years. Unexpectedly, the literature search showed that very few clinical trials assessing the therapeutic applications of EVs were published in this period indicating that they have not reached their desired endpoint. Conversely, most studies showed the potential of EVs present in various biofluids as a promising source of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for various diseases, and predictive markers to assess the effectiveness of therapy. This stark difference in the numbers could perhaps be due to the time-consuming regulatory processes involved in the clinical-grade preparation and characterization of EVs, and the determination of their safety and effective dose regimens. One wonders whether fast-tracking regulatory affairs could help accelerate the therapeutic use of EVs. This aspect needs urgent attention.